Journal

Four elements

Every entry in the journal tagged four elements.

The Body as a Small Universe
The tradition

The Body as a Small Universe

Four elements, four qualities, four humors, and four temperaments, all lined up so the body echoed the cosmos. The old and rather lovely idea of the person as a small world.

July 6, 2026 · 4 min read
Music as Medicine in the Age of the Four Humors
The tradition

Music as Medicine in the Age of the Four Humors

Ficino sang to a lyre in Florence in the 1480s and called it treatment, not recreation. In humoral medicine music was a substance with a quality, like a herb, and the four names outlived the theory in Nielsen and Hindemith.

July 4, 2026 · 5 min read
What Are the Four Temperaments?
Basics

What Are the Four Temperaments?

A plain guide to sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic: where the idea comes from, what each type is like, and why most of us are a blend.

June 18, 2026 · 6 min read